Saturday, May 10, 2014

Kurtosis: Four Momentous Uses for the Fourth Moment of Statistical Distributions

Features

  • Author: Kirk Borne
  • Date: 04 Apr 2014
  • Copyright: Image appears courtesy of iStock Photo. Figure is copyright of Kirk Borne.
We frequently see much mulling over mean, medians, and modes of statistical distributions, and lengthy discussions of variance and skew (including the now famous "long tail" [1], [2], [3]). What about fat tails? Is that a taboo subject? Maybe it is! For example, in the widely respected book Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing, the authors had the audacity to say "the skewness (or third moment) and the kurtosis (or fourth moment) should be used with caution or, better yet, not at all." [4] Those warnings notwithstanding, kurtosis is making a comeback. Not that it ever went away, but a recent search on Google Scholar found over 3000 articles mentioning kurtosis in the context of statistics within the first three months of this year, and over 12,000 articles in 2013, though only about 4000 such articles were cited in the preceding three years combined. Many of those contributions focus on real-world uses of that particular characteristic of data distributions [5], [6].
thumbnail image: Kurtosis: Four Momentous Uses for the Fourth Moment of Statistical Distributions
So, what is kurtosis? It is a statistical measure of the peakiness of the data distribution, effectively measuring how peaked (positive kurtosis) or flattened (negative kurtosis) the data distribution is compared to the normal distribution. See the attached figure for an illustration of these 3 types of data distributions. For a statistical distribution f(x): the mean m (first moment) of the distribution is the average value of x over the full range of data values (i.e., the weighted mean of x, weighted by the frequency of occurrence of each value x, which is the distribution function f(x)); the variance s (second moment) is the average value of (x-m)²; the skew (third moment) is the average value of (x-m)³/s³/²; and the kurtosis is the fourth moment of the data distribution [average value of (x-m)^4/s²] minus 3. In the latter case, the “minus 3” is applied in order to set kurtosis=0 (Mesokurtic) for a normal distribution, kurtosis>0 (Leptokurtic) for a peaked distribution, and kurtosis<0 (Platykurtic) for a flattened distribution [7]. Traditionally it is assumed that very large data sets are required in order to estimate kurtosis. This is true if the primary goal of the study is to determine with strong statistical confidence whether kurtosis=0 or not (is the data normally distributed or not?). This constraint is not essential in some data science applications where the kurtosis is used to monitor shifts in the data distribution (changes in the stationarity of the system being studied [8]), which can be detected with moderate-sized data sets.
I describe here four practical applications that demonstrate significant uses of the fourth moment of a statistical distribution. Showing some love to kurtosis is consistent with one of the fundamental principles of data science: "Data are never perfect, but love your data anyway" [9]. The value of exploring the features, characteristics, and moments of your data distribution was further highlighted in this article: "Data Profiling – Four Steps to Knowing Your Big Data" [10].
1) Independent Component Analysis: ICA is a variant of PCA in cases where the data distribution contains subcomponents that are statistically independent of each other, though generally not orthogonal. ICA is an example of blind source separation, sometimes called the “cocktail party problem”, in which you try to isolate a specific speech signal out of a superposition of many independent voices. In large data collections, these independent components are unlikely to have the same means, medians, and modes. Consequently, the broad (fat tail) distribution on the data that is identified through high kurtosis is an indicator of the presence of multiple components in a complex signal (as illustrated in the figure, we see multiple components in the data distribution that has negative kurtosis). Estimating the slice through the data (i.e., the “x” dimension for the f(x) calculation) that yields the highest kurtosis will begin to identify those separate sources – subsequent application of SVM will assist in source separation [11].
2) Hidden variable discovery: There are often explanatory variables that are not measured that help to identify different categories of objects or events in data collections. Whether the source is scientific data, or social data, or financial data, or machine data, the ability to recognize the existence of such hidden variables can help to explain unusual correlations or inexplicable inaccuracies in classification models. We encountered an example of this when analyzing galaxy classifications from the Galaxy Zoo citizen science project [12]. For each one of approximately 900,000 galaxies, there were about 200 citizen scientist volunteers who provided a classification label for the galaxy: either spiral galaxy, or elliptical galaxy, or a merging galaxy. We attempted to build a predictive model for these volunteer-provided classifications using the measured features of the galaxies that were recorded in the scientific database. The predictive model worked very well (95% accuracy) for galaxies that had nearly uniform concurrence among the volunteers’ classifications (i.e., the distribution of class labels had a single peak with low kurtosis). However, our predictive model was an abysmal failure (5% accuracy) for galaxies that had a largely split vote (50-50 spiral vs. elliptical), for which the distribution of class labels had high kurtosis. We concluded that there must be some “hidden” feature (not contained in our scientific database of measurements for those galaxies) that the human eye sees that makes it difficult to classify the galaxy unequivocally as one type or the other. Now that we realize that there is a hidden explanatory variable that probably accounts for this, the hunt is on! We are continuing our search for an explanation of what the high kurtosis is signaling to us.
3) Change-point detection in dynamic streaming data: When capturing massive streams of data (from social media or scientific experiments or whatever), it is often beneficial (and efficient) to track a few key parameters that characterize the behavior of the data (i.e., effective descriptors of the system or population that is being monitored and measured). For example, calculating running averages and variances in stock market prices can produce alerts to traders. The more data characteristics that can be easily measured and tracked, then the more likely that any early warning system will generate meaningful and timely alerts [6]. Kurtosis is one of those characterizations of the data stream that is particularly effective in such applications, precisely because of its use in ICA – its ability to identify the emergence of new behaviors (new independent components) and thereby detect changes in the stationarity of the system (which otherwise may have relatively invariant mean values of key parameters, thanks to the central limit theorem).
4) Drastically improving the estimated age of the Universe: A remarkable example of kurtosis in action was in the study of classical variable stars in astronomy (Cepheid variables, in particular). Members of this class of pulsating stars follow a tightly correlated period-luminosity relationship: the longer the period of pulsation, the more luminous (brighter) the star. Using easily measured periods of these stars in images of galaxies has enabled astronomers to estimate the distances to those galaxies (which would otherwise be very hard to estimate). Unfortunately, in the mid-20th century, there was a serious discrepancy (of about a factor of two between different studies) in the estimated distances of these variable stars. Consequently, a factor two uncertainty in the distance scale of distant galaxies translated into factor of two uncertainties in the size and age estimates of the Universe. This was embarrassing for astronomers. The solution to the problem was the recognition that there was high kurtosis in the distribution of Cepheid variable stars’ data, particularly in their period-luminosity 2-dimensional scatter plot. The high kurtosis was an indisputable indicator of two independent components – in this case, two independent types of Cepheid variable stars. Once we had the Hubble Space Telescope in orbit, with the finest scientific camera ever used in astronomy, astronomers were able to identify uniquely which types of Cepheid variable stars were being seen in any particular galaxy image, and thus the factor of two uncertainty in their distances (and in the size and age of the Universe) was reduced to a few percent uncertainty, with kurtosis contributing to that improvement [13].
Finally, the most important result of any data mining and statistical analysis activity is what you do with what you have discovered. In science, one may say that the discovery is a sufficient result, but in fact the discovery should provide decision support for further action, such as: publish a research paper, make a time-critical response to the discovery, refine your hypothesis, design a new experiment, etc. More generally, in any data-driven environment, monitoring and responding to changes in the characteristic features of the data stream can lead to new discoveries and new opportunities, especially in autonomous intelligent systems, including “Decision Science-as-a-Service” for business analytics applications using big data [14], or Dynamic Data-Driven Application Systems [15], or a space probe operating in deep space with little (if any) human intervention [16]. Tapping into the power of the fourth moment of the data distribution should not be an outlier activity, but an essential component of data science and knowledge discovery within any data-driven decision-making process.

References
[1] Glanzel, W., "High-end performance or outlier? Evaluating the tail of scientometric distributions," Scientometrics, 97(1), 13-23 (2013).
[2] Brynjolfsson, E., et al., "Goodbye Pareto Principle, Hello Long Tail: The Effect of Search Costs on the Concentration of Product Sales," Management Science, 57(8), 1373-1386 (2011).
[3] Anderson, C., “The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of More,” Hyperion Press (2006).
[4] Press, W., et al., "Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing," Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, pg. 612 (1992).
[5] Mora, P., et al., “Impact of Heat on the Pressure Skewness and Kurtosis in Supersonic Jets,” AIAA Journal, 52(4), 777-787 (2014).
[6] Hou, W., et al., “Detection of small target using recursive higher order statistics,” Proc. SPIE 9142, International Conference on Frontiers in Optical Imaging Technology and Application, DOI:10.1117/12.2054029 (2014).
[7] “Does kurtosis require immediate hospitalization?” Downloaded from http://www.pqsystems.com/healthcare/PatientPuzzlers_KurtosisandHospitalization.php
[8] Sierra-Fernandez, J., et al., “Adaptive detection and classification system for power quality disturbances,” 2013 International Conference on Power, Energy and Control (ICPEC), DOI: 10.1109/ICPEC.2013.6527713 (2013).
[9] Borne, K. "Five Fundamental Concepts of Data Science," http://www.statisticsviews.com/details/feature/5459931/Five-Fundamental-Concepts-of-Data-Science.html (2013).
[10] Borne, K. "Data Profiling – Four Steps to Knowing Your Big Data," http://insideanalysis.com/2014/02/data-profiling-four-steps-to-knowing-your-big-data/ (2014).
[11] Lu, C.-J., et al., “Recognition of Concurrent Control Chart Patterns by Integrating ICA and SVM,” Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences, 8(2), 681-689 (2014).
[12] http://galaxyzoo.org/
[13] http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/variable_cepheids.html
[14] http://www.syntasa.com
[15] http://www.dddas.org/
[16] Borne, K., “Data-Driven Discovery through e-Science Technologies,” in SMC-IT 2006: Second IEEE International Conference on Space Mission Challenges for Information Technology (2006). Downloaded from http://kirkborne.net/papers/Borne2006-SMC-IT-DataDriven-eScience.pdf

“My English teacher thought he could get me into RADA but it worked out that I became a statistician”: An interview with Sir Adrian Smith

Features

  • Author: Statistics Views
  • Date: 16 Apr 2014
  • Copyright: Photograph appears courtesy of Sir Adrian Smith
Sir Adrian Smith is a world-renowned British statistician. He studied mathematics at Selwyn College, Cambridge and statistics at University College London.
He is the former Head of the Department of Mathematics at Imperial College London. He served on the Advisory Council for the Office for National Statistics from 1996–1998, was Statistical Advisor to the Nuclear Waste Inspectorate from 1991–1998 and was advisor on Operational Analysis to the Ministry of Defence from 1982–1987. He was Principal of Queen Mary, University of London, from 1998-2008; Director General of Knowledge and Innovation in the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills until 2012; and is now Vice-Chancellor of the University of London. He is a former President of the Royal Statistical Society and is currently a Deputy Chair of the UK Statistics Authority.
He is best known for his work in statistical theory, in particular Bayesian statistics and evidence-based practice. When I interviewed the late Professor Dennis Lindley last year, he called Sir Adrian “the brightest student I’ve ever had.” With Antonio Machi, Smith translated Bruno de Finetti's Theory of Probability into English. He wrote an influential paper in 1990 along with Alan E. Gelfand, which drew attention to the significance of the Gibbs sampler technique for Bayesian numerical integration problems. He was knighted in the 2011 New Year Honours.
Statistics Views talks to Sir Adrian about his career in statistics, his memories of the late Professor Lindley, teaching statistics, working on the Smith Report on secondary mathematics education in the UK, the challenges statisticians face, Big Data and how his life may have turned out very differently if he had not chosen statistics.
thumbnail image: “My English teacher thought he could get me into RADA but it worked out that I became a statistician”: An interview with Sir Adrian Smith
Video Interview Part I - where Smith talks about the origins of his career, working with the late Professor Dennis Lindley and the Smith Report


Further questions
1) You have an extremely impressive career path including serving on the Advisory Committee to the UK Government Office for National Statistics from 1996-1998, working for the UK Government Department of the Environment from 1991-1998 as a Statistical Advisor to the Nuclear Waste Inspectorate and for the Ministry of Defence from 1982 to 1987 as adviser on Operational Analysis. What are your memories when you look back on these roles in service to statistics and what do you feel were your main achievements?
In most of those cases, I was invited to join in because I was seen as a statistician and where there were issues on data policy to which I could contribute. I liked that part of my life a great deal. There was a kind of joy to be able to poke one’s fingers into worlds that are not your own, such as burying nuclear waste, which is not something I come across every day. The issues around that – the risks, quantifying the uncertainties – was bread and butter in terms of how I think. What one was doing in each of those areas was utilising the toolkit of thought about uncertainty – communicating and quantifying uncertainty, whether it was burying nuclear waste or considering investments in military equipment – at the heart of all these things were complex systems of uncertainty, so I felt that I was able to contribute.
The challenge really is what is the kind of training and what is the positioning of statistics in its own right as a profession that will continue to be relevant, needed and respected?
I’m still quite lucky now that I have a one-day-a-week role as Deputy Chair of the UK Statistics Authority and within that, I chair the Board that oversees the Office for National Statistics – in particular, the controversies about how you do price indices, RPIs, CPIs, how you measure migration, etc. – I am rather privileged to have a sort of front seat in joining in on those policies and debates and ensuring that the statistical evidence base is as good as it can be.
2) Do you think over the years too much research has focussed on less important areas of statistics? Should the gap between research and applications be reduced? How so and by whom?
What is important research and how you prioritise research is an incredibly interesting area. I spent four years of my life overseeing policies and budgets for how you fund research in the UK. You have a real dilemma and it is neither one thing nor the other – why would governments on behalf of taxpayers spend a lot of money on research if it were not to solve economic, societal or health challenges that contribute to one’s wellbeing? However, the timescale on which solving problems actually leads to positive outcomes in society can be very unpredictable and can only turn out to be very important decades later. So you cannot say “we will do the research and provide you with a solution in three weeks’ time” – it just does not work that way. On the other hand, if all research was not going to yield any outcomes for hundreds of years, the next three or four generations of taxpayers may well think they did not have a very good deal. For me, as an individual researcher and considering the way in which the public approaches topics such as investigative research, there has to be some kind of balance. You have to identify the problems we would really like to solve, such as finding a cure for cancer, for which you can perfectly articulate the case for investment, but it would be completely mad to say that you will find the cure in such and such a period of time.
What you really have to try to ensure is the brightest and the best people having a kind of sense about where the interesting problems are and letting them get on with it. Not everyone can do it – you have to have a substantial portfolio to deliver what you want – and that suited me as an individual. I could be a pure academic in the morning and an applied academic in the afternoon. In retrospect, it will always be the case that huge percentages of research lead nowhere but mainly, you don’t know that until afterwards. It is not easy upfront, and indeed there will also always be grant applications for research that you can put aside straight away with a clear conscience knowing that it would be a waste of time.
Video Interview Part II - where Sir Adrian discusses Big Data, the challenges that statisticians face, the best book he has read on statistics and more


3) What do you see as the greatest challenges facing the profession of statisticians in the coming years?
It touches on this issue of Big Data and data science as a more general area. The challenge really is what is the kind of training and what is the positioning of statistics in its own right as a profession that will continue to be relevant, needed and respected? Over the years, in areas such as clinical medicine, statistics has established a key position for itself. The world we are now in where we have huge DNA sequencing and you have millions of pieces of data which if you can mine in the right way, could give you major improvements. Are the key methodological issues of the past still relevant in a world of Big Data? The challenge is for societies such as the RSS to consistently review how the world is changing around them and what we need to do both to be relevant but also, given the expertise and knowledge that statisticians have, how to make sure that is not lost.
4) Are there people or events that have been influential in your career? Also, given that you are one of the most well respected statisticians of your generation and many statisticians look up to you, whose work do you admire (it can be someone working now, or someone whose work you admired greatly earlier on in your career?).
When I started in the world of Bayesian statistics and wanted to become a researcher, I would have to say the big thing that influenced me, not least because it took about a year my life (and completely wiped out my social life!) was translating the work of Bruno de Finetti. He had set himself a huge enterprise really which was an all-encompassing view from a particular standpoint of probability in all its ramifications – mathematical, philosophical, and so on. I admired the scale of that seminal contribution and of course looking back, there wasn’t a subject domain and it had to be forged. People like Jimmie Savage and Dennis Lindley who pioneered the thinking and back before them, de Finetti and Ramsay –those courageous first steps where people do seminal things is something I have always admired.
5) If you had not got involved in the field of statistics, what do you think you would have done? (Is there another field that you could have seen yourself making an impact on?)
When I was at school and deciding where to apply for university, it was at a time post-Cold War when universities were creating for the first time, Departments of Russian. Now when I was applying to Cambridge to study mathematics, I was at a very small country grammar school which was not very well versed on the application procedure, so I did not find out until very late in the day that I had to have studied what is called an inflected language and I had not studied Latin or Greek. So I had to pick something and I picked Russian, which I learnt in two to three months in order to obtain an O-level in order to get into Cambridge. So having done that, I could have gone somewhere to study Russian further. There was an English teacher at my school who’d been trained in Russian immediately after the Second World War and had worked in Germany. He suggested I should study Russian and be amongst the first in a generation to go into Russia.
I was almost certainly a very bad amateur actor and enjoyed acting in plays directed by another of the English teachers at my grammar school who had been a coach at RADA. He said that he thought that he could get me into RADA if I wanted to. So therefore I could have been a foreign office spook or a failed actor but it worked out that I became a statistician in the end.


Sunday, April 13, 2014

काठमाडौ, फाल्गुन २९ - उमेरसँगै तपाईंको मिर्गौला पनि 'बूढो' हुनसक्छ भन्ने नाराका साथ यस वर्षको विश्व मिर्गौला दिवस मनाइँदैछ । प्रत्येक १० जनामध्ये १ जनालाई मिर्गौलाको दीर्घकालीन रोग लाग्ने गर्छ । यो रोग जुनसुकै उमेरमा र विभिन्न कारणबाट लाग्न सक्ने भए तापनि उमेरसँगै यो रोग बढी लाग्ने गर्छ । ४० वर्षपछि मिर्गौलाको शुद्धीकरण गर्ने क्षमतामा प्रत्येक वर्ष १ प्रतिशतले ह्रास आउने गर्छ । उमेरका साथै बढ्दो उमेरमा देखिने रोगहरू जस्तै- मधुमेह, उच्च रक्तचाप, मुटुरोग आदिले मिर्गौलालाई आक्रान्त पार्दै लैजान्छ ।
विश्व मिर्गौला दिवस सन् २००६ देखि मनाइँदै आएको छ । नेपालमा करिब ३० लाख व्यक्तिमा कुनै न कुनै किसमको मिर्गौलासम्बन्धी रोग लागेको अनुमान छ भने एक वर्षमा करिब ३,००० जनाको दुबै मिर्गौला फेल हुने गरेको विश्वास छ । तीमध्ये ९०५ भन्दा बढीको केही महिनामै अकालै मृत्युको सिकार हुने गर्छ । प्रत्येक वर्ष मनाइने विश्व मिर्गौला दिवस, नेपाल प्रत्यारोपण खेलकुद, निःशुल्क स्वास्थ्य शिविर लगायत विभिन्न जनचेतनामूलक कार्यक्रमहरूबाट हाम्रो देशमा पनि यस रोगको निदान, उपचार, रोकथामका प्रयासमा अभिवृद्धि भएको विश्वास गर्न सकिन्छ ।
एक अनुमानअनुसार ६५ देखि ७४ वर्ष उमेर पुगेका प्रत्येक पाँच पुरुषमध्ये एक र प्रत्येक चार महिलामध्ये एक जनालाई दीर्घकालीन मिर्गौला रोग लाग्ने गर्छ भने ७५ वर्ष उमेर नाघेकाहरू त झन्डै आधाको संख्यामा यो रोगको सिकार हुने गर्छन् । दीर्घकालीन मिर्गौला रोगले हृदयाघात र मस्तिष्कघातको जोखिमलाई बढाउँछ र मिर्गौला 'फेल' भएपछि डायलासिस वा प्रत्यारोपण गरेर बाँच्न बाध्य गराउँछ ।
एकजनाले आफ्नो मिर्गौलाको कार्यक्षमता ९० प्रतिशतभन्दा बढी नष्ट भएसम्म पनि कुनै सुइँको नपाउन सक्छ र यो अघोषित मृत्युको कारण बन्न सक्छ । अन्तिम अवस्थामा पुगेपछि मात्र विभिन्न लक्षण देखिन सक्छ । जस्तै- खुट्टा सुन्निने, थकावट महसुस हुने, खान मन नलाग्ने, वाकवाक लाग्ने, कुनै कुरामा मन नजाने तथा पिसाबमा रगत देखिने वा फिँज आउने आदि । तसर्थ जोकोहीले पनि मिर्गौलासम्बन्धी जाँच गर्नु उपयुक्त हुन्छ भने जोखिम समूहकाले त अनिवार्य रूपमा नियमित जाँच गर्नु जरुरी
हुन्छ । साधारण जाँचहरू जस्तै- पिसाबमा 'प्रोटिन' र रगतमा 'क्रियटिनिन' भन्ने जाँचबाट मिर्गौला रोग पत्ता लगाउन मद्दत पुग्छ, जसबाट समयमै उचित उपचार सम्भव हुनसक्छ र मिर्गौला बचाउन मद्दत पुग्छ ।
तपाई जुन उमेरको भए तापनि यदि तपाईले साधारण उपायहरू अपनाउनुभयो भने पनि मिर्गौला रोग लाग्ने गतिलाई कम गर्न सकिन्छ । यसबाट हुने जटिलताहरूलाई रोक्न सकिन्छ तथा जीवन स्वस्थ राख्न मद्दत पुग्छ ।
यसबाट बच्न के गर्ने ?
यसका लागि ८ स्वणिर्म नियमहरूको पालना गर्नुपर्छ ।
१. आफूलाई 'फिट' र सक्रिय राखौं ।
२. मधुमेहलाई नियन्त्रणमा राखौं । आधाभन्दा बढी मधुमेहीहरूलाई मिर्गौला रोग लाग्ने गर्छ ।
३. उच्च रक्तचापको नियमित परीक्षण गराऔं । उच्च रक्तचापले हृदयाघात र मस्तिष्कघात गराउँछ भन्नेबारे धेरैलाई जानकारी भए पनि यो नै मिर्गौला खराब गर्ने सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण कारण हो भन्नेबारे धेरैलाई जानकारी नहुन सक्छ ।
४. स्वस्थ खाना खाऔं, नुन थोरैमात्र सेवन गरौं र शरीरको तौल नियन्त्रणमा राखौं ।
५. प्रशस्त मात्रामा पानी पिऔं- दैनिक करिब १.५ देखि २ लिटरसम्म पानी पिउने बानी बसालौं ।
६. धूमपान र सुर्तीजन्य पदार्थ सेवन नगरौं ।
७. जथाभावी औषधीको सेवन नगरौं ।
८. यदि तपाई 'उच्च जोखिम'युक्त समूह जस्तै- उच्च रक्तचाप र मधुमेहको रोगी, तपाईको परिवारमध्ये कसैलाई मिर्गौला रोग लागेको छ, मोटोपना भएको, धूमपान गर्नेहरू, उमेर ५० वर्ष नाघेकाहरूमध्ये कुनै पनि समूहमा पर्नुहुन्छ भने चिकित्सकसँग सरसल्लाह गर्न अबेर नगर्नुहोस् । मिर्गौला रोगसम्बन्धी जाँच गर्नुपर्ने हुनसक्छ । बिना कुनै लक्षण मिर्गौलाको दीर्घकालीन रोगको सिकार हुने जोखिम रहन्छ । समयमै उपचार गराउनुभयो भने मिर्गौला 'फेल' हुनबाट धेरै हदसम्म बचाउन सकिन्छ । 
लेखक मानव अङ्ग प्रत्यारोपण केन्द्र, भक्तपुरका कार्यकारी निर्देशक हुन् ।



प्रकाशित मिति: २०७० फाल्गुन २९ १०:०१
- See more at: http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2070/11/29/full-story/385607.html#sthash.uBo4o4ln.yepsbEv0.dpuf

dr pukar
काठमाडौ, फाल्गुन २९ - उमेरसँगै तपाईंको मिर्गौला पनि 'बूढो' हुनसक्छ भन्ने नाराका साथ यस वर्षको विश्व मिर्गौला दिवस मनाइँदैछ । प्रत्येक १० जनामध्ये १ जनालाई मिर्गौलाको दीर्घकालीन रोग लाग्ने गर्छ । यो रोग जुनसुकै उमेरमा र विभिन्न कारणबाट लाग्न सक्ने भए तापनि उमेरसँगै यो रोग बढी लाग्ने गर्छ । ४० वर्षपछि मिर्गौलाको शुद्धीकरण गर्ने क्षमतामा प्रत्येक वर्ष १ प्रतिशतले ह्रास आउने गर्छ । उमेरका साथै बढ्दो उमेरमा देखिने रोगहरू जस्तै- मधुमेह, उच्च रक्तचाप, मुटुरोग आदिले मिर्गौलालाई आक्रान्त पार्दै लैजान्छ ।
विश्व मिर्गौला दिवस सन् २००६ देखि मनाइँदै आएको छ । नेपालमा करिब ३० लाख व्यक्तिमा कुनै न कुनै किसमको मिर्गौलासम्बन्धी रोग लागेको अनुमान छ भने एक वर्षमा करिब ३,००० जनाको दुबै मिर्गौला फेल हुने गरेको विश्वास छ । तीमध्ये ९०५ भन्दा बढीको केही महिनामै अकालै मृत्युको सिकार हुने गर्छ । प्रत्येक वर्ष मनाइने विश्व मिर्गौला दिवस, नेपाल प्रत्यारोपण खेलकुद, निःशुल्क स्वास्थ्य शिविर लगायत विभिन्न जनचेतनामूलक कार्यक्रमहरूबाट हाम्रो देशमा पनि यस रोगको निदान, उपचार, रोकथामका प्रयासमा अभिवृद्धि भएको विश्वास गर्न सकिन्छ ।
एक अनुमानअनुसार ६५ देखि ७४ वर्ष उमेर पुगेका प्रत्येक पाँच पुरुषमध्ये एक र प्रत्येक चार महिलामध्ये एक जनालाई दीर्घकालीन मिर्गौला रोग लाग्ने गर्छ भने ७५ वर्ष उमेर नाघेकाहरू त झन्डै आधाको संख्यामा यो रोगको सिकार हुने गर्छन् । दीर्घकालीन मिर्गौला रोगले हृदयाघात र मस्तिष्कघातको जोखिमलाई बढाउँछ र मिर्गौला 'फेल' भएपछि डायलासिस वा प्रत्यारोपण गरेर बाँच्न बाध्य गराउँछ ।
एकजनाले आफ्नो मिर्गौलाको कार्यक्षमता ९० प्रतिशतभन्दा बढी नष्ट भएसम्म पनि कुनै सुइँको नपाउन सक्छ र यो अघोषित मृत्युको कारण बन्न सक्छ । अन्तिम अवस्थामा पुगेपछि मात्र विभिन्न लक्षण देखिन सक्छ । जस्तै- खुट्टा सुन्निने, थकावट महसुस हुने, खान मन नलाग्ने, वाकवाक लाग्ने, कुनै कुरामा मन नजाने तथा पिसाबमा रगत देखिने वा फिँज आउने आदि । तसर्थ जोकोहीले पनि मिर्गौलासम्बन्धी जाँच गर्नु उपयुक्त हुन्छ भने जोखिम समूहकाले त अनिवार्य रूपमा नियमित जाँच गर्नु जरुरी
हुन्छ । साधारण जाँचहरू जस्तै- पिसाबमा 'प्रोटिन' र रगतमा 'क्रियटिनिन' भन्ने जाँचबाट मिर्गौला रोग पत्ता लगाउन मद्दत पुग्छ, जसबाट समयमै उचित उपचार सम्भव हुनसक्छ र मिर्गौला बचाउन मद्दत पुग्छ ।
तपाई जुन उमेरको भए तापनि यदि तपाईले साधारण उपायहरू अपनाउनुभयो भने पनि मिर्गौला रोग लाग्ने गतिलाई कम गर्न सकिन्छ । यसबाट हुने जटिलताहरूलाई रोक्न सकिन्छ तथा जीवन स्वस्थ राख्न मद्दत पुग्छ ।
यसबाट बच्न के गर्ने ?
यसका लागि ८ स्वणिर्म नियमहरूको पालना गर्नुपर्छ ।
१. आफूलाई 'फिट' र सक्रिय राखौं ।
२. मधुमेहलाई नियन्त्रणमा राखौं । आधाभन्दा बढी मधुमेहीहरूलाई मिर्गौला रोग लाग्ने गर्छ ।
३. उच्च रक्तचापको नियमित परीक्षण गराऔं । उच्च रक्तचापले हृदयाघात र मस्तिष्कघात गराउँछ भन्नेबारे धेरैलाई जानकारी भए पनि यो नै मिर्गौला खराब गर्ने सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण कारण हो भन्नेबारे धेरैलाई जानकारी नहुन सक्छ ।
४. स्वस्थ खाना खाऔं, नुन थोरैमात्र सेवन गरौं र शरीरको तौल नियन्त्रणमा राखौं ।
५. प्रशस्त मात्रामा पानी पिऔं- दैनिक करिब १.५ देखि २ लिटरसम्म पानी पिउने बानी बसालौं ।
६. धूमपान र सुर्तीजन्य पदार्थ सेवन नगरौं ।
७. जथाभावी औषधीको सेवन नगरौं ।
८. यदि तपाई 'उच्च जोखिम'युक्त समूह जस्तै- उच्च रक्तचाप र मधुमेहको रोगी, तपाईको परिवारमध्ये कसैलाई मिर्गौला रोग लागेको छ, मोटोपना भएको, धूमपान गर्नेहरू, उमेर ५० वर्ष नाघेकाहरूमध्ये कुनै पनि समूहमा पर्नुहुन्छ भने चिकित्सकसँग सरसल्लाह गर्न अबेर नगर्नुहोस् । मिर्गौला रोगसम्बन्धी जाँच गर्नुपर्ने हुनसक्छ । बिना कुनै लक्षण मिर्गौलाको दीर्घकालीन रोगको सिकार हुने जोखिम रहन्छ । समयमै उपचार गराउनुभयो भने मिर्गौला 'फेल' हुनबाट धेरै हदसम्म बचाउन सकिन्छ । 
लेखक मानव अङ्ग प्रत्यारोपण केन्द्र, भक्तपुरका कार्यकारी निर्देशक हुन् ।



प्रकाशित मिति: २०७० फाल्गुन २९ १०:०१
- See more at: http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2070/11/29/full-story/385607.html#sthash.uBo4o4ln.yepsbEv0.dpuf

dr pukar
काठमाडौ, फाल्गुन २९ - उमेरसँगै तपाईंको मिर्गौला पनि 'बूढो' हुनसक्छ भन्ने नाराका साथ यस वर्षको विश्व मिर्गौला दिवस मनाइँदैछ । प्रत्येक १० जनामध्ये १ जनालाई मिर्गौलाको दीर्घकालीन रोग लाग्ने गर्छ । यो रोग जुनसुकै उमेरमा र विभिन्न कारणबाट लाग्न सक्ने भए तापनि उमेरसँगै यो रोग बढी लाग्ने गर्छ । ४० वर्षपछि मिर्गौलाको शुद्धीकरण गर्ने क्षमतामा प्रत्येक वर्ष १ प्रतिशतले ह्रास आउने गर्छ । उमेरका साथै बढ्दो उमेरमा देखिने रोगहरू जस्तै- मधुमेह, उच्च रक्तचाप, मुटुरोग आदिले मिर्गौलालाई आक्रान्त पार्दै लैजान्छ ।
विश्व मिर्गौला दिवस सन् २००६ देखि मनाइँदै आएको छ । नेपालमा करिब ३० लाख व्यक्तिमा कुनै न कुनै किसमको मिर्गौलासम्बन्धी रोग लागेको अनुमान छ भने एक वर्षमा करिब ३,००० जनाको दुबै मिर्गौला फेल हुने गरेको विश्वास छ । तीमध्ये ९०५ भन्दा बढीको केही महिनामै अकालै मृत्युको सिकार हुने गर्छ । प्रत्येक वर्ष मनाइने विश्व मिर्गौला दिवस, नेपाल प्रत्यारोपण खेलकुद, निःशुल्क स्वास्थ्य शिविर लगायत विभिन्न जनचेतनामूलक कार्यक्रमहरूबाट हाम्रो देशमा पनि यस रोगको निदान, उपचार, रोकथामका प्रयासमा अभिवृद्धि भएको विश्वास गर्न सकिन्छ ।
एक अनुमानअनुसार ६५ देखि ७४ वर्ष उमेर पुगेका प्रत्येक पाँच पुरुषमध्ये एक र प्रत्येक चार महिलामध्ये एक जनालाई दीर्घकालीन मिर्गौला रोग लाग्ने गर्छ भने ७५ वर्ष उमेर नाघेकाहरू त झन्डै आधाको संख्यामा यो रोगको सिकार हुने गर्छन् । दीर्घकालीन मिर्गौला रोगले हृदयाघात र मस्तिष्कघातको जोखिमलाई बढाउँछ र मिर्गौला 'फेल' भएपछि डायलासिस वा प्रत्यारोपण गरेर बाँच्न बाध्य गराउँछ ।
एकजनाले आफ्नो मिर्गौलाको कार्यक्षमता ९० प्रतिशतभन्दा बढी नष्ट भएसम्म पनि कुनै सुइँको नपाउन सक्छ र यो अघोषित मृत्युको कारण बन्न सक्छ । अन्तिम अवस्थामा पुगेपछि मात्र विभिन्न लक्षण देखिन सक्छ । जस्तै- खुट्टा सुन्निने, थकावट महसुस हुने, खान मन नलाग्ने, वाकवाक लाग्ने, कुनै कुरामा मन नजाने तथा पिसाबमा रगत देखिने वा फिँज आउने आदि । तसर्थ जोकोहीले पनि मिर्गौलासम्बन्धी जाँच गर्नु उपयुक्त हुन्छ भने जोखिम समूहकाले त अनिवार्य रूपमा नियमित जाँच गर्नु जरुरी
हुन्छ । साधारण जाँचहरू जस्तै- पिसाबमा 'प्रोटिन' र रगतमा 'क्रियटिनिन' भन्ने जाँचबाट मिर्गौला रोग पत्ता लगाउन मद्दत पुग्छ, जसबाट समयमै उचित उपचार सम्भव हुनसक्छ र मिर्गौला बचाउन मद्दत पुग्छ ।
तपाई जुन उमेरको भए तापनि यदि तपाईले साधारण उपायहरू अपनाउनुभयो भने पनि मिर्गौला रोग लाग्ने गतिलाई कम गर्न सकिन्छ । यसबाट हुने जटिलताहरूलाई रोक्न सकिन्छ तथा जीवन स्वस्थ राख्न मद्दत पुग्छ ।
यसबाट बच्न के गर्ने ?
यसका लागि ८ स्वणिर्म नियमहरूको पालना गर्नुपर्छ ।
१. आफूलाई 'फिट' र सक्रिय राखौं ।
२. मधुमेहलाई नियन्त्रणमा राखौं । आधाभन्दा बढी मधुमेहीहरूलाई मिर्गौला रोग लाग्ने गर्छ ।
३. उच्च रक्तचापको नियमित परीक्षण गराऔं । उच्च रक्तचापले हृदयाघात र मस्तिष्कघात गराउँछ भन्नेबारे धेरैलाई जानकारी भए पनि यो नै मिर्गौला खराब गर्ने सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण कारण हो भन्नेबारे धेरैलाई जानकारी नहुन सक्छ ।
४. स्वस्थ खाना खाऔं, नुन थोरैमात्र सेवन गरौं र शरीरको तौल नियन्त्रणमा राखौं ।
५. प्रशस्त मात्रामा पानी पिऔं- दैनिक करिब १.५ देखि २ लिटरसम्म पानी पिउने बानी बसालौं ।
६. धूमपान र सुर्तीजन्य पदार्थ सेवन नगरौं ।
७. जथाभावी औषधीको सेवन नगरौं ।
८. यदि तपाई 'उच्च जोखिम'युक्त समूह जस्तै- उच्च रक्तचाप र मधुमेहको रोगी, तपाईको परिवारमध्ये कसैलाई मिर्गौला रोग लागेको छ, मोटोपना भएको, धूमपान गर्नेहरू, उमेर ५० वर्ष नाघेकाहरूमध्ये कुनै पनि समूहमा पर्नुहुन्छ भने चिकित्सकसँग सरसल्लाह गर्न अबेर नगर्नुहोस् । मिर्गौला रोगसम्बन्धी जाँच गर्नुपर्ने हुनसक्छ । बिना कुनै लक्षण मिर्गौलाको दीर्घकालीन रोगको सिकार हुने जोखिम रहन्छ । समयमै उपचार गराउनुभयो भने मिर्गौला 'फेल' हुनबाट धेरै हदसम्म बचाउन सकिन्छ । 
लेखक मानव अङ्ग प्रत्यारोपण केन्द्र, भक्तपुरका कार्यकारी निर्देशक हुन् ।



प्रकाशित मिति: २०७० फाल्गुन २९ १०:०१
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लालबाबु पण्डितलाई खुलापत्र

     
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    lababu
    चैत्र ३० - मन्त्रीज्यू, नमस्ते ।
    सन्चै हुनुहुन्छ होला ।
    खास विषयमा प्रवेश गर्नुअघि तपाईंलाई जानकारी दिउँ, म करबि सात वर्षदेखि अमेरिकमा बस्दै आएको एक नेपाली हुँ। यस्तो नेपाली, जसले आफ्ना जीवनका ३५ वर्ष नेपालमा र त्यसमध्ये करबि १५ वर्ष नेपालको पत्रकारितमा बिताएको छ। म नेपालको सरकारी कर्मचारी होइन र कहिल्यै थिइनँ पनि। तपाईंले विदेशमा बस्ने नेपाली सरकारी कर्मचारीका हकमा चाल्न लागेका कदमप्रति मेरो पूर्ण समर्थन छ। त्यसमा कुनै आपत्ति छैन। गुनासो वा सल्लाह यत्ति हो, सम्बन्धित मन्त्रालय वा विभागले कारबाही गरे पुग्ने विषयमा तपाईंले ठूलै हल्ला मच्चाउनुभयो। एक हजार जना कर्मचारीको हकमा एक करोडको हल्ला गर्नै पर्दैनथ्यो। यसरी मुसा मार्न एके-४७ लिएर ननिस्किएको भए हुन्थ्यो।
    खैर, तपाईंलाई लाग्यो होला, मुसाहरू कमजोर छैनन् र एके-४७ चाहिन्छ। यो तपाईंको सोचको म आदरपूर्वक कदर गर्छु। यहाँसम्म तपाईं र मेरोबीच कुनै मतभेद छैन। चित्त दुखेको कुरा के मात्र हो भने बोल्दै जाँदा तपाईंले मेरो र मजस्ता हजाराँै नेपाली, जो सरकारी कर्मचारी होइनन्, को भावनामा पनि चोट पुर्‍याउनुभयो।
    सामान्य प्रशासनमन्त्रीका हिसाबले आफूमातहतका कर्मचारीका हकमा तपाईं कडा हुनूस् वा नम्र, त्यो तपाईंको कुरा हो। तर, अन्य सामान्य नेपाली, जो जीवनका धेरै बाध्यता र थोरै रहरका साथ विदेशमा बसिरहेका छन्, तिनका भावनाको ठेक्का तपाईं लिन सक्नुहुन्न। लिन पाउनुहुन्न पनि।
    हो, म पनि सहमत छु, आमा र जन्मभूमि एउटै हुन्। तिनका प्रति धोका हुनुहुँदैन। धोका दिन पनि सकिँदैन। मान्नूस्, कुनै नेपालीलाई डीभी पर्‍यो, अमेरिका गयो र समयक्रममा अमेरिकाको नागरकिता लियो भने पनि ऊ 'नेपाली अमेरकिन' नै हुन्छ। त्यो नेपाली फुर्कोले उसलाई कहिल्यै छाड्दैन। तपाईं भने त्यो फुर्को चुँडाउने प्रयत्न गर्दै हुनुहुन्छ ? मसँग जोडिएको मेरो व्यक्तिगत पहिचान वा नेपालीत्वमाथि खेल्ने अधिकार कसैलाई छैन। मेरो आमालाई आमा भन्ने संवेदनशीलतामाथि तपाईंको तानाशाही चल्दैन। म अमेरिकामा किन छु ? यसबारेमा बताउन मलाई घन्टौँ तपाईंसँग बस्नुपर्छ। त्यतातिर नजाऔँ।
    अहिले म विषयलाई तपाईंकै भनाइमा केन्दि्रत गर्न चाहन्छु। तपाईंले सार्वजनिक रूपमै भन्नुभएको छ, 'म त भिसा पाइएन वा डीभी परेन भनेर अनशन बस्नेहरूलाई, विदेशमा लगिदिएन भन्ने नेपालीलाई नेपाली नै ठान्दिनँ। ती अनशनकारीलाई त मैले पहिल्यै भनेको नारायणी नदीमा लगेर बगाइदिए पनि हुन्छ। तिनीहरू नेपाली होइनन्। तिनीहरू इतिहासमा नेपाली थिए, काममा नेपाली होइनन्।'
    अब भन्नूस्, कसरी 'काममा नेपाली' होइनन् मन्त्रीज्यू ? म एनआरएनजस्तो ठूलो कुरा गर्दिनँ। सामान्य कुरा, मेरो जन्म ठाउँ कास्कीको देउरालीमा कुनै दैवीप्रकोप भयो वा कसैमाथि भवितव्य पर्‍यो भने लेखेर राख्नूस्, त्यहाँ तपाईं र तपाईंको सरकारभन्दा पहिले म पुग्छु। नेपालमा रहेकी मेरी आमा, बा बिरामी हुँदा तपाईंको सरकारले होइन, मैले उपचार गर्नुपर्छ।
    मन्त्रीज्यू, दुई-चार हजार डलरको प्रोजेक्ट लिएर नेपाल भित्रिएको एउटा गोरालाई तपाईं फूलमाला लगाएर भित्र्याउनुहुन्छ। तर, परेमा आफ्नै माटोमा फर्केर ज्यान दिन्छु भनेर देश सम्झँदै बसेको नेपालीलाई नारायणीमा बगाउने कुरा गर्नुहुन्छ ? सोच्नूस् त! यसै पनि मान्छेलाई नदीमा बगाउने कुरा गर्नु घोर मानवाधिकारविरोधी कुरा हो। कुनै जिम्मेवार पदमा बसेको तपाईंजस्तो मान्छेले यस्तो वाक्य सही अवस्थामा प्रयोग गर्नै सक्दैन।
    फेरि विदेशमा सामान्य नेपालीले पहुँच पाएकै पनि कति भएको छ र ? सन् १९९० अघि र त्यसयताका केही वर्षसम्म पनि अमेरिकमा खास गरी काठमाडौँका केही धनी, कुलीन व्यक्ति र तिनका छोराछोरीको मात्र पहुँच थियो। त्यो वर्गले आफू वा आफ्ना छोराछोरी अमेरिकमा रहेको कुरालाई सानको विषय बनाउँथ्यो। र, त्यसैलाई आफूभन्दा तल्लो वर्गलाई छुट्याउने एउटा आधार बनाउँथ्यो अनि समाजमा धाक लगाउँथ्यो।
    अहिले त्यस्तो परिस्थति छैन। डीभी चिट्ठा होस् वा अन्य कुनै उपाय, मध्यम र निम्न वर्गले पनि अमेरिकामा सहज प्रवेश पाएका छन्। अब धनी र कुलीन वर्गले धाक लगाउने एउटा बाटो कमसे कम समाप्त भएको छ। मध्यम र निम्न वर्गले पनि थाहा पाएका छन् कि अमेरिक भन्दैमा त्यस्तो धाक लगाउनुपर्ने केही कुरा रहेनछ। केही वर्षअघिसम्म अमेरिकी सानमा आनन्द मानिरहेको त्यो वर्गलाई अब एक खालको छटपटी भइरहेको छ। र, ऊ आफ्नो इज्जतको नयाँ मापदण्ड खडा गर्न खोजिरहेको छ। त्यो वर्ग, अमेरिकमा धेरैजसो नेपालीले गररिहेको श्रमको टिप्पणी गर्छ र भन्छ, देशमै फर्किएर केही गर्नुपर्छ। आफ्ना छोराछोरी काठमाडौंको रातो बंगला वा लिंकन स्कुलमा राखेर पढाउन सक्ने हैसियत भएको त्यो वर्गलाई हिजोजस्तै आज पनि आफूलाई मानिदिने त्यही मध्यम र निम्न वर्ग चाहिएको छ। ऊ त्यसैको खोजीमा छ। कमसे कम तपाईं निम्न वर्ग खोजिरहने कुलीनहरूभित्र पर्नुहुन्न भन्ने मेरो विश्वास हो।
    मन्त्रीज्यू, तपाईं अमेरिका आउनुभएको छ कि छैन थाहा छैन। यहा आउनुभयो भने देख्नुहोला, यो देश बाहिरबाट आएकाहरूले भरिएको र बनेको हो। तपाईं कम्युनिस्टहरूले आदर्श मान्ने चीनका ३८ लाख जनता यहाँ 'चाइनिज अमेरकिन' भइसकेका छन्। करबि २० लाख भारतीय 'भारतीय अमेरकिन' भएका छन्। त्यत्तिकै फिलिपिनोहरू र कोरयिनहरू पनि। तिनको प्रभाव हेर्नूस् त आज अमेरिकामा ! अमेरिकिमा सार्वजनिक स्थानमा चिनियाँ भाषामा जानकारी लेखिएको हुन्छ। कुनै चिनियाँ आज अमेरिका आयो भने उसले अंग्रेजी नबोलेरै पनि काम चलाउन सक्छ। आजको विश्वमा चीनका लागि चीनबाहिर बसेको जमात पनि एउटा ठूलो सम्पत्ति र शक्ति हो।
    भारतको हैदरावादमा जन्मिएका सत्य नदेला माइक्रोसफ्टका प्रमुख कार्यकारी हुँदा सिंगो भारत गर्व गर्छ मन्त्रीज्यू। तपाईं त नदेला बन्न प्रयास गर्ने नेपालीलाई नारायणीमा बगाउने कुरा गर्दै हुनुहुन्छ। हाबर्ड विश्वविद्यालयमा नेपाली प्रोफेसर वा नासामा नेपाली युवा पनि नेपालका त्यस्तै गर्व हुन्। भन्नूस् न बरू, जहाँ गए पनि नेपालीको सान बढाउनुहोला। भन्नूस् न बरू, जहाँ बसे पनि आफ्नो पहिचान बिस्तार गर्नुहोला। भन्नूस् न बरू, जहाँ गए पनि तपाईंको मनमस्तिष्कबाट नेपालीत्व नहटोस्। बरू बोलाउनूस्, यसपालि कर्णालीमा बाटो खन्नुपर्‍यो, तपाईंहरू पनि आउनूस् भनेर।
    दुःखका साथ भन्नुपर्छ नेपाल स्रोतसाधन नभएर होइन, तपाईंजस्तै मन्त्रीका सोचले गरबि भएको हो। आज अमेरिकी अफ्रिकी मूलका बाराक ओबामालाई राष्ट्र्रपति मान्न तयार हुन्छ, तपाईं नेपालीलाई नेपाली मान्न तयार हुन्नुहुन्न ? भगवान्ले कृपा गरून्, तपाईंको यो राष्ट्रवादले नेपाललाई एउटा शक्तिशाली राष्ट्र बनाओस्। तर, सम्भावना कम छ। आदर्शले मात्र संसार जितिँदैन मन्त्रीज्यू।
    ‌-क्यालिफोर्निया  

    ©नेपाल साप्ताहिक

    प्रकाशित मिति: २०७० चैत्र ३० ०२:०२
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    Friday, March 14, 2014

    क्यानडाको सास्काचुनमा सजिलै इम्मिग्रेशन पाउन सकिने


    saskatoonटोरोन्टो, ६ डिसेम्बर । क्यानडाको मध्य–पश्चिम क्षेत्रमा पर्ने सास्काचुन प्रान्तको सरकारले आगामी २०१४ मा बिभिन्न व्यवशायमा कार्य गरेका बिदेशी दक्ष जनशक्तीलाई सजिलो माध्यमबाट स्थायी भिसा प्रदान गर्ने भएको छ ।
    जनवरी २ तारिख देखि आवेदन प्रारम्भ गरिने उक्त दक्ष जनशक्ति प्रणालीमा योग्यता, उमेर, अंग्रेजी भाषाको ज्ञान, कामको अनुभव भएका बिदेशी जनशक्तिलाई सास्काचुन इम्मिग्रेशन नोमिनी प्रोग्राम (Saskatchewan Immigration Nominee Program – SINP) अन्तर्गत छनौट गर्ने छ भने यसरी छनौट भएकाहरुलाई क्यानेडिएन एम्बेसीले क्यानडाको स्थायी भिसा प्रदान गर्ने गर्दछ ।
    सास्काचुन सरकारको वेभ साइटमा जनाइएअनुसार पहिलाको तुलनामा यो पटक बिदेशी दक्ष जनशक्तिहरुलाई उक्त प्रान्तको रोजगारी अफर (Job Offer) नभएतापनि अन्य बिधाहरुमा योग्य रहेमा SINP मार्फत छनौट गरिनेछ ।
    तथापी यसरी छनौट गरिने मा भने निश्चित व्यवशायमा काम गरेका व्यक्तिहरुमात्र पर्नेछन् जसमध्ये केही निम्नलिखित छन्ः
    • Senior managers: Financial, Health, Broadcasting and Production
    • Managers: Financial, HR, Purchasing, Insurance, Banking, Telecom, Engineering, Computer system, School administrators
    • Government Managers – health, economy, education
    • Accountants, Financial analysts, HR specialists, Admin officers, Loan officers, Secretaries
    • Chemists, biologists, engineers, Programmers, web designers,
    • Doctors, Dentists, Veterinarians, Optometrists, Pharmacists, Nurses
    • Teachers, Instructors, Social Workers, Aircraft Mechanics, and more
    (पूर्ण सूचीका लागिः http://www.worldmigration.net/documents/sinp_sw_eligible_occupations_2014.pdf)
    माथि उल्लेखित कुनैपनि व्यवशायमा पाँच बर्ष वा सो भन्दा बढी काम गरेको अनुभव भएको, ४५ बर्षभन्दा कम उमेर, स्नाकोत्तर तहको अध्ययन भएको र अंग्रेजी भाषाको समेत ज्ञान भएको व्यक्ति उक्त छनौट प्रक्रियमा पर्न सकिने देखिएको छ ।
    saskatchewanउहादरणस्वरुपः Master’s Degree गरेकोमा २३ मार्क, १० बर्षको कामको अनुभवलाई १५ मार्क, IELTS मा ४ ल्याएको हकमा १२ मार्क र उमेर ४५ बर्ष मुनीकोहकमा १० मार्क गरी जम्मा ६० मार्क प्राप्त गर्न सकिन्छ, जुन भनेको SINP छनौटको लागि पास मार्क हो, जुन प्राप्त गर्न सकेमा क्यानडाको स्थायी भिसा प्राप्त गर्न सकिनेछ ।
    नेपालीहरुको सपनाको मुलुक रहेको क्यानडामा बिगतका केही बर्षमा हजारौंको संख्यामा नेपालीहरु स्थायी भिसा लिएर गएको पाइन्छ । यसरी जाने नेपालीहरु केही समयदेखि सास्काचुन प्रान्तको सास्काटुन र रेजिना भन्ने शहरमा बसोवास गर्दछन् ।
    क्यानडा सरकारले बर्षेनी २५०,००० भन्दा बढी स्थायी भिसा प्रदान गर्ने गर्दछ ।
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    59 Comments

    • Please send me msg like above because I also want to migrate in Canada
    • Deepak Paudel
      HI I AM DEEPAK PAUDEL FROM NEPAL NOW IN KUWAIT WORK AT PIZZA HUT RESTAURANT KUWAIT AS A HOME DELIVERY DRIVER .
      I HAVE GOOD EXPERIENCE IN DRIVING AND THIS SECTOR I WANT TO WORK IN EUROPEAN COUNTRY WITH THIS POSITION PLEASE THERE ARE ANY VACANCY PLEASE CONTACT ME.
    • There are only 122 neplease in Saskatoon, so how comes thousends of neplease……
    • i am khagendra dulal from nepal.plz would u like to help me sending the ninimum and maximum requirement to take this visa and all process in my email id
    • Saskatoon ma basnu bhanda chai,,Mount Everest ko tuppo ma basnu ramro…
      • But, there is no need to permanently stay in Saskatchewan after getting Canadian PR.
        • Sir, You must stay in Saskatchewan for certain period even if you got PR. The main aim of this nominee program is to make sure people stay in Sask and work there. There are few people whose PR was cancelled who were provincial nominee. This is fact for more info you can confirm with SINP office. immigration@gov.sk.ca
          I have personally asked about this and thats there reply. Thank you.
          • Hello Suman Ji,
            Do you have any idea about the validity of IELTS score ? For instance, i did IELTS on 2010…So Does it still valid or do i need to get fresh one ??
            Your information in this matter would be highly appreciated. Thank you.
      • सगरमाथा को टुप्पामा बस्न सके त धेरै राम्रो हो / तर सगरमाथा को टुप्पामा heating system छैन/ क्यानाडामा घरमा, गाडी, ट्रेन, mall सबैतिर heating system छ, तेसैले तेस्तो जाडो अनुभब हुन पाउदैन / उही बाटो मा हिद्नुपर्दा मात्रै हो …..
        • मैले युरोपको -२३ देखी अमेरिकाको -५ सम्म देखेको छु,त्यस्तो जाडोमा प्रस्तुत गरे जस्तो सजिलो चै हुदैन।
          महिनौ घामै देख्न नपाईने,हिडदा आँत देखी नै ठिराउने देखी लिएर त्यो हिटिङ सिस्टममा बस्नेहरुको दिर्धकालिन रुपमा स्वस्थ समस्या देखिन सक्ने(जाडो माहिना हिटिड सिस्टममा सुतेर आखाँ त धेरैको गडेको पाईन्छ) आदि समस्या हुन सक्छ
          सानो बच्चा हुनेहरुलाई अझ थाहा हुन्छ
          भन्नु होला सजिलो त कहाँ हुन्छ त।त्यहि भन्न खोजेको,त्यसतो जाडोमा भनेकै जस्तो सजिलो जाडो अनुभब नै नहुने चै हुदैन।धन्यबाद
      • Hain saskatoon mai baseko hoki yesto kura thaha paighai gari lekheko. kin yeha pahad hi pahad chaa ki kaso hami lai pani bhannu paryon.
    • As per the website says the skilled workers categories will be launched in December. There is no such categories in the net. Is this trying too fool us….
      …….
      • Skilled Worker Category is launching from January 2, 2014. You can review the web site of Saskatchewan Government to find details. We are not fooling you. Thank you.
    • I am a teacher since 18 years. I am B.A; B.Ed. from TU. May I apply ?
      • Yes, your work experience is eligible to apply for International Skilled Worker Category, however you must meet other requirements such as Language, settlement funds or job offer, Age limit as well as Adaptability. If you can score 60 or above with all the genuine information, SINP may nominate you and then you can apply for your Permanent Residence application to CIO and then CIC. Hope this helps.
    • It,s good news for all intelligent and skill people ,
      try once everyone….
    • i have passed masters degree in first division and have been teaching upto masters level from seven years. what kind of opportunity may i get there? what is the processing to migrate there? if it is possible.
    • सर म दुबईमा कुक कों काम गर्छु म क्यानाडा आउन चाहन्छु के गर्नु पर्ला
    • i am teaching in TU affilated campus more than five years. can i apply. according to the skilled workers categories, i do not see for lecturer. can i apply, or what is my chance.
    • लिस्ट त पहिलेको जस्तो जस्तै रैछ त,
      कुन आधारमा चै सजिलो हो अलि बुझ्न सकिएन
      क्यानडाको प्रोब्लम processing time(धेरै कुर्नु पर्ने) हो जस्तो लाग्छ.
      सबै डकुमेन्ट मिले र करिब ७०-७५ प्रोईन्ट भए अति टाईम लाग्छ केसैलाई थाहा छ?
      म IT sector को ,skill level A raicha
      यो ठाँउ चै कस्तो छ? कमाई र मौसमको हिसाबले(३-४ महिना घाम लाग्ने अरु बेला हिउ पर्ने त होईन)
      any idea?any one
      thanks
    • Hello, I am Ishwor Khadka from Nepal. I have got M.Sc. degree at Physics from TU Nepal. I am currently teaching at Gorkha Campus. May I get some suggestions to apply there?
    • Hi, I am currently in UAE on employment visa and have been looking to work in Canada. I have met the above mentioned criteria to be qualify in your launched program. Therefore looking for your affirmative response. I am from Nepal.
    • Nepal needs skilled workers more than the damn Canada. Put ur ass in Nepal and do something here. We need You!!
    • hello sir i m nensi shrestha and i m a pharmacist now i am in south korea for my master in pharmacy program.i have around 2 years of experience in field of pharmacy after my undergraduate..so i would like to know that am i qualified for pr through sinp..i want to kno years of experience we should have for this program..
    • hi, i have bachelors degree and i am a social worker in an italian funded organization for nepal, so is it possible for me to apply? and what is the procedure to apply.. where should i submit the documents and other information, is there any definite office or consultancies that can help?
    • Sumitra Dallakoti
      Hello sir, I am teacher.I have been teaching since 2001. I have completed master degree plz give me detail information.
    • hi sir, i am a lecturer in nursing campus, i have a teaching experience of 4 year. can i also apply for this???
    • Hey bhagwan!!! Why there is overflow of going to Canada or so forth countries. Why you guys hate Nepal so much. Don’t you think you can do something in Nepal itself? Why do you want to migrate? If you are qualified enough, migrate to sagarmatha anchal we can grow diamond in there. God bless Nepal and Nepalis!
      • pachi aucha tapai ko ni testo sochne din chita nalinus
        every body has different aim,desires in nepal.
        May be their desires are not fulfilled in this country of scarcity,pollution,dirty politics
        So rather than wasting time may be they think of better utilizing their time.
        ek din para-rasta ma gayera euta passport 10 ghata line basnus and 60 din pachi paunus ani taha huncha…..
        any way good wishes for ur diamond growing…sooner or later you will come to realize diamond are not actually grown…any way keep on trying
        just a view
        • I feel pity that all alomost all young people in Nepal. More than that I feel pity for my motherland. I will never ever in my life will leave Nepal and stay in some other nation. Yehi janme, yehi ho mero karma thalo. Yo desh bhanda pyaro aaru kunai thau chaina. I have already realized this. Desh ma shanti chaina, asta besta cha bhane desh lai k garna sakincha sochnus. Aaru ko desh kina banauna jadai hunuhuncha? Jati pasina aaru desh ma khera falnu huncha tyo pasina saab le yehi bagaune ho bhane yehi falcha heera moti. Aaru yahako bichar. Dhanyabaad.
    • Durga Kumar Shrestha
      I am 41 Years/Male, Bachelors Degree in Business Administration, working as Administrative and HR Officer in 900 beded Medical College/ Teaching Hospital. May I eligible or not ? Kindly provide me message.
    • Suresh paudel
      I have completed MA in Sanskrit n have been teaching in govern college as a permanent samskrit n nepali teacher beside i have been teaching in aboarding school 4 more than12 years can i apply? Im 40 years old. Is iealts compulsory?
    • Hi, i would like to know if there is someone as moderator whom i can have direct contact and clear my queries!!! I woul
    • I have completed MBA degree from Nepal and I am working as a Branch Manager in one of service organization of Nepal since past 6 months. Shall I be eligible to apply under this program? Please provide me assistance and idea.
    • Divakar Adhikari
      I have completed MBS from Nepal (Tribhuvan University). I am working as a research mobilizer and assistant accountant in engineering consultancy so is it possible for me to apply? and what is the procedure to apply.. where should i submit the documents and other information.
    • can spouse education get the marks as other system of canadian immigration………..
    • I am supply chain management specialist by profession. I have worked with CARE Inc. in somalia, Served with UN, UNDP, UNHCR in Cambodia, Seychelles, East Timor and Sierra Leone. I have teaching training and consulting experiences at the Somali Institute of Development Administration and Management. I have a BBA undergraduate degree from the Eastern Kentucky University and International Diploma in Supply Chain Management from Internatioan Trade Centre.
    • i am working 5 star hotel as a seafod chef from 2004 i am intermediate pass from tu/34 yers old so i can apply and how pls help me ….
    • I am forestry technicians and i have 2 years working experience in Ranger post of the Nepal Gvernment. May i eligible for this programme?
    • i’m also interested in applying immigrant visa of Canada. As per the list i can match with skilled manpower on finance and banking sector. SO can u pls advise e the process of applying the visa.
    • Plz send me the details about marks counting system …whats about the age above 35…..experiencce will be count after completing master degree or not 4r ex. i completed master in 2005 bt i already joined the job so from job experience i got 10 yrs calculated or not nd about ielts plz guide me ………….thanks
    • Hi,I am a Nepal government permanent lower secondary level teacher since 8 years.I have passed B.B.S and One year`s B.Ed.Please hew can i join at this process.
      Ratna kulung
      Email: ratna.kulung@gmail.com
    • i am a fashion designer and i have 5 years work experience in garment manufacturing industry, is there any opportunity for me and is ielts compulsory for SINP program?
    • dipak adhikari
      hi, sir i’m also interested to apply but there is some problem because i need to do IELTS and there is no date before April so is there any possibility to submit it after that? please tell me very clearly.
    • Naba Raj Dhakal
      Hi I am Master of English and Nepali. I have been teaching at school and college levels for 15 years. My English is good. How can I apply since I have not got tested for language efficiency? Please let me know the reliable sources of information.
    • Online apply gardaa Bank balance dhekhaunu parcha ya pardaina? bank b balance pachi nomini maa parepachi dhekhaune ho ki k ho?
    • Ram prasad sapkota .
      Hy brother!I’m master’degree in Rural development (T.U.). Ihave been working as the post of social development officer (social upliftment programme of Melamchi water supply project in melamchi) since last 13 years . I wish to apply for canada .
    • Hi, I am 31 years aged having Master degree in education. But since last 10 year I have been involving in social work being a district program coordinator in CARE intl. in Nepal? so that my qualification and working sector is differently, I gonna to apply for Canada. Can I apply for Canada or not? One thing more till the date I don’t have taken ILTS test? how can I apply could you assist me on this process?
      Thanks
    • me also curious to know about it in detail
    • I have passed master degree in Mathematics Education from Tribhuvan University with 82 percentage.what is the process to get visa in canada without IELTS and other language.I have passed in English Medium, also i have 5 years teaching experience in school and campus level…………

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